C-section

C-Section animation (Requires Shockwave plugin)	C-Section - series

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Your doctor may suggest a c-section when a vaginal birth isn't possible or safe for you or your baby. Many situations can warrant a c-section, and nearly one in four babies in the United States is delivered this way.

The Following Situations May Make A Vaginal Birth Risky For The Baby:

• A developmental abnormality, such as fluid on the brain (hydrocephalus).
• Premature labor.
• Multiple fetuses.
• An unusually small, scarred, or deformed uterus.
• Problems with the cervix or birth canal, such as an active genital herpes infection.
• Problems with the placenta, such a placenta that is abnormally developed, is laying too close to the cervix (placenta previa), or has begun to tear away from the uterus (placenta abruptio) (fig. 2).
• A labor that stalls or progresses very slowly.
• Problems with the umbilical cord or placenta, which deprive the baby of needed oxygen during labor.
• The fetal heartbeat slows, speeds up, or becomes irregular during labor (fetal distress), a sign that the baby isn't coping well with the stress of contractions.

Other Complications Can Make A Vaginal Birth Risky For The Mother:

• The baby is too big to fit safely through the birth canal (macrosomia), often a complication of gestational diabetes.
• The baby's head is too large to pass through mother's pelvis (cephalopelvic disproportion).
• The baby is positioned buttocks-first (breech) or crosswise (transverse), rather than head-down (fig. 2).
• Medical conditions such as hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia.

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What Will Happen?

If the c-section is planned or your doctor has a little more time, you'll get a regional anesthetic (such as a spinal or an epidural) that numbs the lower half of your body (fig. 3) but leaves you awake and alert.

After the anesthesia takes effect, the doctor makes an incision through your abdomen. In most cases, a "bikini cut" is used. This is a horizontal incision just above the pubic area. In an emergency, she may make a vertical cut, which extends from the pubic area to the navel and allows quicker access to the baby (fig. 4).

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Next, the doctor makes an incision in the uterus (again, either a horizontal or a vertical cut, depending on the situation), suctions out the amniotic fluid (fig. 5), and gently pulls the baby out. While the doctor cuts and clamps the umbilical cord (fig. 6), an assistant suctions mucus from the baby's nose and mouth and makes sure he's breathing well.

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After the baby is delivered, the doctor removes the placenta and closes the uterus with dissolvable stitches. She then uses dissolvable stitches or surgical staples (which are removed after about four days) to close the incision in your abdomen (fig. 7).

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What Are The Risks?

A cesarean section is major surgery. Risks include an adverse reaction to anesthesia; internal bleeding; blood clots; injury to abdominal organs; and bladder, kidney, or uterine infection. You also may need to have a c-section for future deliveries.  (See VBAC (vaginal birth after cesarean) ).

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: How soon after the surgery can I see my baby?

A: If your baby is in good shape, you should be able to see him right away. If there are complications, though, he may need to go to the newborn nursery until his condition is stabilized. Before you head into the operating room, let your doctor know that you'd like to see your baby as soon as possible after the delivery.

Q: Will I need a c-section for my next baby, too?

A: It depends. You will need a repeat c-section for your next baby if you had a vertical uterine incision during your previous c-section. Your uterus is more likely (8 - 10%) to rupture during a VBAC (vaginal birth after cesarean).

You will have a choice between a VBAC (vaginal birth after cesarean) or another repeat c-section, however, if your previous c-section was a low transverse (horizontal) incision because there is less chance your incision will rupture (1%).

Studies have shown that repeat c-section is slightly less risky for babies than attempting a vaginal delivery. About 1 in 2000 babies born to mothers who attempt vaginal delivery will have permanent brain injury from a rupture of the uterus in labor. That means 1,999 of 2000 babies will be fine. Although factors such as previous vaginal delivery and induced labor may affect the chance of uterine rupture, there is no good data to guide you and your care provider of when uterine rupture may happen.

VBAC after a low transverse c-section is successful in about 40 - 70% of women who choose it. Those who never went into labor before having a c-section (such as women who were induced due to a breeched baby tend to have the higher success rate of VBAC (70%). Women who pushed for many hours and ended up with a c-section tend to have a successful VBAC about 40% of the time. Ultimately, you will need to make a decision with your care provider about whether to try to labor with your next pregnancy.

Q: Can my partner be with me during the c-section?

A: It depends. If the c-section is planned and you're going to be awake during the surgery, most hospitals will allow your partner to stay with you, although you should be sure to discuss this with your caregiver ahead of time. If you have an emergency c-section, your medical team will need to keep distractions to a minimum, so he'll be asked to wait outside the operating room.

Review Date: 12/1/2010
Reviewed By: Zev Williams MD, PhD, FACOG, Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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